奶牛抗热应激中草药添加剂对小鼠热耐力的影响

试验研究奶牛抗热应激中草药添加剂对热应激小鼠机体耐力的影响。试验分A、B、C、D4个处理,每个处理20只小鼠,分别喂以不同添加剂浓度的饲料21d[A组:0.5g/(10g体重)、B组:0.25g/(10g体重)、C组:0.13g/(10g体重)、D组0g/(10g体重)],每日光暗节律各12h,自由摄食与饮水。试验结果表明,A、B组体重增加显著高于C、D组(P<0.01),A、B、C组小鼠死亡数显著少于D组(P<0.05),受热90min后,A、B、C组小鼠肛温比D组分别低0.3℃、0.3℃、0.5℃(P<0.05),说明该添加剂具有一定的提高小鼠热耐力作用。     

基于稳定同位素的江苏近海金乌贼摄食生态研究

为进一步掌握江苏近海金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)种群生活史特征，根据在江苏沿海港口所采集的样本，利用碳氮稳定同位素分析法对金乌贼的摄食生态及营养生态位进行了研究。结果表明，金乌贼雌、雄群体间 13C和 15N值均不存在显著性差异；金乌贼的 值与胴长之间相关性不显著， 值与胴长之间存在显著相关性；雄性金乌贼营养生态位宽度（SEAc=0.57‰2）与雌性（SEAc=0.63‰2）无明显差异，雌性略大于雄性，且两者高度重叠（0.62）。同位素聚类分析显示，可将金乌贼个体分为75~114mm、115~184mm和185~204mm三个胴长组；185~204mm胴长组营养生态位宽度最大（SEAc=1.77‰2），75~114mm胴长组营养生态位宽度最小（SEAc=0.39‰2）；仅75~114mm和115~184mm胴长组间生态位重叠率为中度重叠（0.34），其余胴长组间生态位重叠率低。分析认为，金乌贼δ13C值的变化主要受同位素基线值和金乌贼洄游模式影响，而δ15N值的变化主要受金乌贼摄食作用影响；雌性和雄性金乌贼群体之间食物资源和栖息地利用高度相似；不同发育阶段的金乌贼在营养生态位上具有明显差异。     

漳州地区龙眼丰产稳产栽培技术

通过多年实践总结出龙眼丰产稳产栽培技术,即:培育良好的树势,抓好土壤管理,适时进行合理施肥和病虫害防治,适时适量修剪,适时促发健壮充实的花梢,及时地控冬梢、冲梢、花穗,适时适量疏花穗、花蕾、幼果,及时保花、保果。     

水分和热胁迫处理对4种针叶树苗木气体交换和水分利用效率的影响

以杉木、马尾松、花旗松和北美乔柏为研究对象 ,研究了水分和热胁迫对生长期间苗木的气体交换、瞬间水分利用效率和稳定碳同位素组成 (δ1 3C值 )等生理生态指标的影响 ,结果如下 :(1 )水分胁迫使杉木、马尾松、花旗松和北美乔柏 4个树种的净光合速率显著下降。但热胁迫只影响杉木和北美乔柏的净光合速率 ,对马尾松的净光合速率影响不大。 (2 )对针叶气孔导度的研究发现 ,水分和热胁迫均对马尾松苗木针叶气孔导度有显著影响 ,但对杉木和北美乔柏苗木针叶的气孔导度只有轻微影响。 (3)水分和热胁迫处理对马尾松苗木的瞬间水分利用效率有显著影响 ,但对杉木和北美乔柏的瞬间水分利用效率无显著影响。 (4 )水分胁迫处理对杉木、马尾松、花旗松和北美乔柏 4个树种的稳定碳同位素组成 (δ1 3C值 )均有显著影响 ,随着水分胁迫程度的加深 ,4个树种苗木针叶的δ1 3C值增大 (负值绝对值变小 ) ,说明其永久水分利用效率更高。 (5 )热胁迫对杉木和北美乔柏苗木针叶的δ1 3C值有显著影响 ,且在热胁迫下 ,两树种苗木针叶的δ1 3C值减小 (负值绝对值增大 ) ,即永久水分利用效率下降。但热胁迫对马尾松和花旗松苗木的δ1 3C值没有显著影响     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOIL AGGREGATE INLARCH AND LARCH-WALNUT FORESTS

Theinfluenceofpureormixedforestonsoilpropertiesandtheproductivityofstandhasbeenagreatinteresttoforesters.Theauthour,throughalongperoidofresearchwork'foundthatLarch-Walnutmixedforestimprovedthephysicochemicalpropertiesofsoilandincreasedsoilferti1ity,andthattheacidationofsoilunderLarchforestwasalong-termprocess.Toinquireintothechangesinsoilproperties,water-stableaggregateofthesoilwasspeciallystudiedandsatisfactoryresulthasbeenrecieved.It'savailabletousethean1ountofaggregateasanindicatortotheeff…     

利用黄土中碳同位素推断古植被类型

黄河中游黄土高原生态环境十分脆弱,已成为中国乃至世界林业、农业、地质和环境专家关注的热点地区.黄土地层中保存着大陆上最完整、最连续的古气候记录(顾兆炎,1991).黄土沉积以黄土层和古土壤层交互沉积为特征.学者们已从各个角度来挖掘这些记录,以探寻最好的气候指标,提取可靠的古气候、古植被信息.     

Nitrogen contribution by multipurpose trees to rice and cowpea in an alley cropping system in Sierra Leone

In an alley cropping experiment, a study was carried out on N₂ fixation by Gliricidia sepium, nitrogen (N) accumulation by prunings of Gliricidia, Senna siamea (formerly Cassia siamea) and Gmelina arborea, and the N contribution to associated crops of rice and cowpea.Total N accumulated by the hedgerow trees ranged from 297–524 kg N ha^–1 on average but varied between tree species and depended on the growing season. Gliricidia sepium accumulated 370 kg N ha^–1 on average and more than half of this came from fixation. Senna siamea and Gmelina arborea served as reference trees for estimating N₂ fixation. The estimates of N₂ fixation using Gmelina as a reference gave higher estimates than those using Senna.Although the dry matter and nitrogen yields of prunings from the hedgerow trees were high, their relative nitrogen contribution to the associated crops was generally low ranging from 5 to 29%. Higher crop yields and nitrogen contribution were observed with Gliricidia sepium prunings. The low N contribution from prunings was attributed to the lack of synchronization between the N released from the prunings and the crop's demand for N.     

Tracer methods to assess nutrient uptake distribution in multistrata agroforestry systems

Separate assessment of nutrient uptake by individual plants in mixed cropping with trees is impossible without tracer techniques. The different ¹⁵N-to-¹⁴N isotope ratio of atmospheric and soil N can be used to study the contribution of biologically fixed N to the nutrition of associated trees. In most cases, the assessment of nutrient uptake distribution is an appropriate way of evaluating how to improve the transfer of biologically fixed N. Radioisotopes (e.g., ³²P), stable isotopes (e.g., ¹⁵N) and rare elements (e.g., Sr) can be used to determine relative root activity distribution by applying the tracer to different soil depths or distances from trees. A broadcast application of the tracer instead of point application makes it possibe to calculate uptake values per unit area. The direct determination of nutrient pathways with such robust experiments offers considerable advantages for improving nutrient use efficiency and complementarity in multistrata agroforestry systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

林龄、叶龄对亚热带杉木人工林碳氮稳定同位素组成的影响

[目的]研究5个不同林龄(3,8,14,21,46年)、不同叶龄(当年生、1年生、2年生、3年生)杉木人工林叶片的碳、氮稳定同位素组成,并根据它们对氮循环等过程的指示作用来探索不同林龄、叶龄杉木人工林氮循环过程及氮饱和程度的差异,从而为不同生长阶段杉木人工林制定施肥措施提供科学依据.[方法]以福建南平峡阳林场5块相互毗邻的不同林龄杉木人工林为研究对象,在每个林龄的林分内分别设置4个20 m ×20 m的试验小区.分别采集不同林龄杉木活叶并根据“主干法”将采集的杉叶分为不同叶龄,然后在每个小区内采集0 ～ 10 cm深度土层的土样,用同位素质谱仪测定它们的碳、氮稳定同位素组成(δ13C,δ15N),用碳氮元素分析仪测定叶片氮含量,叶片15N富集指数由叶片δ15N值减去相应的土壤δ15N得到.[结果]叶片δ15N值的变化范围为-2.52‰～2.81‰,叶片氮含量的变化范围为7.72％～13.5％,二者在不同林龄间均具有极显著差异,并均呈现出幼林和老林较高、处于速生期的林分较低的趋势,且叶片δ15N值与叶片氮含量之间存在显著的相关性,但不同叶龄叶片δ15N值间则不具有显著差异;不同林龄叶片的15N富集指数存在显著差异,呈现出幼林与老林叶片15N富集指数较接近于0的趋势;叶片δ13C的变化范围为-29.93‰～-27.88‰,不同林龄间差异不显著,但同一林龄不同叶龄叶片的δ13C则有显著差异,且有随着叶龄增大而减小的趋势.[结论]不同林龄叶片δ13C差异不显著但呈现幼年较低的趋势,可能是不同树高导致不同林龄杉木水分利用效率间的差异所致,而同一林龄不同叶龄杉木δ13C间的显著差异则可能是光合作用效率不同造成的.不同林龄在叶片δ15N、叶片氮含量、叶片15N富集指数间的显著差异均指示出处于速生期的林分氮饱和程度显著低于幼林和老林,这说明虽然我国亚热带地区氮沉降现象严重,但氮素仍是限制处于速生期杉木人工林生长的因素.     

Methane emissions and δ13C composition from beef steers consuming increasing proportions of sericea lespedeza hay on bermudagrass hay diets

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different proportions of ‘Au Grazer’ sericea lespedeza [SL, Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don], a legume rich in condensed tannins (CT), on nutrient intake and digestibility, and to estimate methane (CH₄) emissions and ¹³C isotopic composition (δ¹³C_CH4) from beef steers consuming a forage-based diet. Twenty-five Angus-crossbred steers were distributed in a randomized complete block design (344 ± 48 kg initial BW), and randomly assigned to one of five treatments: 0SL, 25SL, 50SL, 75SL, and 100SL, diets containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of SL hay, respectively, mixed with ‘Tifton-85’ bermudagrass hay (Cynodon spp.). The study was carried out for two experimental periods of 21-d each. The statistical model included the fixed effect of treatment and random effects of block, experimental period, and their interaction. Apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber was linearly decreased (P < 0.001) by the inclusion of SL. No effects were observed for total CH₄ emissions per day, nor for CH₄ relative to organic matter intake or digestible organic matter with the inclusion of SL. However, emission of CH₄ in relation to intake of CT was affected by treatment (P < 0.001). A linear (P < 0.001) decrease and a quadratic effect (P < 0.001) were observed for δ¹³C of diets and gas, respectively, in which diets and enteric CH₄ with greater inclusion of SL were more depleted in ¹³C. Moreover, the difference in δ¹³C between diets and gas (Δδ¹³C) had a linear decrease (P = 0.001) with the inclusion of SL. The model developed to predict the C₃ proportions in the enteric CH₄ fitted to predicted values (P < 0.0001). Therefore, greater proportions of SL resulted in lesser CH₄ emission when CT intake was considered and the isotopic composition from enteric CH₄ was able to predict the contribution of SL in the emissions.